Palatal tremor as a manifestation of posterior circulation haemorrhagic stroke (2024)

Description

Palatal tremor (previously called palatal myoclonus) is an extremely rare movement disorder characterised by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the palatal muscles. Due to its rarity, this cryptic neurological finding is practically challenging to discover, and often missed by clinicians unless specifically looked for during physical examination.

Palatal tremor was first described by Politzer in 1862. Its prevalence data are lacking in theliterature, with only a few hundred cases reported. The most notable pathological change is hypertrophic degeneration of the inferior olivary nuclei, which are presumed to be the pacemaker of symptomatic palatal tremor. The rhythmic inferior olivary activity is transmitted to thebrainstem reticular centres controlling bulbar and limb functions.1

Two forms of palatal tremor have been described: essential and symptomatic. Theaetiology of essential palatal tremor remains unclear. It can be idiopathic or psychogenic, but without any focal lesions on brain imaging. In essential palatal tremor, ear clicks or pulsatile tinnitus are usually the sole manifestations. These are caused by contractions of thetensor veli palatini muscle leading to opening and closing of the Eustachian tube. On the other hand, symptomatic palatal tremor is associated with brainstem or cerebellar lesions like cerebrovascular disease, degenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, tumours and trauma. In symptomatic palatal tremor, the levator veli palatini muscle is usually involved, but ear clicks are usually absent. In 1990, Deuschl et al1 reported 287 cases with palatal tremor, including 210 cases with symptomatic palatal tremor and 77 cases with essential palatal tremor. Cerebrovascular disease was present in 55% of patients with symptomatic palatal tremor.1 In our case, thepatient had a bilateral cerebellar haemorrhage. Subsequently, he developed this very interesting physical exam finding named palatal tremor (video 1). Thepatient did not report any symptoms of palatal tremor. However, he was left with residual right-sided haemiparesis, dysarthria, andurinary and faecal incontinence. Although psychogenic palatal tremor has been noted in the literature, our patient had no history of previous psychiatric comorbidities. Furthermore, the presence of palatal tremor in the setting of a known bilateral cerebellar haemorrhage provides overwhelming evidence that our patient had a neurophysiological manifestation of posterior circulation insult, theso-called symptomatic palatal tremor.

Suggested treatment options for palatal tremor include anticonvulsants and benzodiazepines, but these are usually associated with disappointing effects. Injection of botulinum toxin into the palatal muscles has been successful in a few published case reports and series.2 Surgical therapies have included Eustachian tube obliteration and ventilation tube placement. Transection of the levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini muscles has been proposed, but this operation is destructive and may also lead to Eustachian tube dysfunction. Microvascular surgery, however, may be effective for palatal tremor caused by brainstem compression by the vertebral artery. In addition, targeted radiofrequency ablation of thelevator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini muscles has been attempted with some promising results.3 In our patient, however, no treatment was sought for palatal tremor since the patient had no complaints of ear clicking or pulsatile tinnitus.

References

1. ↵
   2. Deuschl G,
   3. Mischke G,
   4. Schenck E, et al

   . Symptomatic and essential rhythmic palatal myoclonus. Brain 1990;113:1645–72.doi:10.1093/brain/113.6.1645

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   2. Anis MM,
   3. Pollak N

   . Case report treatment of palatal myoclonus with botulinum toxin injection. Case reports in otolaryngology 2013;2013:10–3.doi:doi.org/10.1155/2013/231505

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   2. Aydin O,
   3. Iseri M,
   4. Ozturk M

   . Radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of idiopathic bilateral palatal myoclonus: a new indication. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2006;115:824–6.doi:10.1177/000348940611501105

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed